1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> |
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2 | |
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3 | <HTML_CONTENT xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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4 | |
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5 | <TITLE>Substance Use</TITLE> |
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6 | <HTML_CLASS>Topic</HTML_CLASS> |
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7 | |
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8 | <OTHER_HEAD_CONTENT> |
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9 | <link href="css/Topic.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> |
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10 | </OTHER_HEAD_CONTENT> |
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11 | |
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12 | <CONTENT> |
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13 | |
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14 | <figure> |
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15 | <img src="contentfile/image/topic/hero/SubstanceAbuse.png"/> |
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16 | <figcaption> |
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17 | <p> |
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18 | The major substance use problems in New Mexico are excessive alcohol consumption, |
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19 | resulting in the nation's highest alcohol-related death rate, and drug use, resulting |
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20 | a high drug overdose death rate compared to most other states. The consequences of |
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21 | substance use present a large burden on the state's economy and our people. |
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22 | </p> |
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23 | |
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24 | <p> |
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25 | The terms "substance abuse" and "substance use disorder" generally refer to a destructive |
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26 | pattern of using a substance, especially alcohol or drugs. The pattern may be characterized by |
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27 | significant problems or distress, such as interference with a person's family, work, school, |
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28 | or social obligations, or putting the person in hazardous situations or in legal jeaopardy. |
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29 | </p> |
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30 | </figcaption> |
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31 | </figure> |
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32 | |
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33 | <div id="contentSections"> |
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34 | <section class="Container"> |
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35 | <h2>Why It's Important</h2> |
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36 | Eight of the ten leading causes of death in New Mexico are at least partially caused by the abuse of |
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37 | alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs. In 2017, the ten leading causes of death in New Mexico were heart, |
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38 | disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular |
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39 | disease, diabetes, chronic liver disease, Alzheimer's disease, suicide, and influenza and pneumonia. Of |
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40 | these, chronic liver disease, unintentional injuries, and suicide are associated with alcohol use; chronic |
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41 | lower respiratory disease and influenza and pneumonia are associated with tobacco use; heart disease, malignant |
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42 | neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease are associated with both alcohol and tobacco use; and unintentional |
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43 | injuries and suicide are associated with the use of other |
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44 | <a href="#ref1.1" id="ref1.1.link" aria-describedby="footnote-label">drugs.</a> |
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45 | |
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46 | <footer class="Footnotes"><ol> |
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47 | <li id="ref1.1"> |
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48 | <a href="#href1">See footnote 1.</a> |
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49 | <a href="#ref1.1.link" aria-label="Back to content">«</a></li> |
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50 | </ol></footer> |
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51 | </section> |
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52 | |
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53 | <section class="Container"> |
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54 | <h2>What Is Known</h2> |
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55 | <p> |
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56 | Over the past 30 years, New Mexico has consistently had among the highest alcohol-related death rates in the |
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57 | United States and it has had the highest alcohol-related death rate since 1997. The negative consequences of |
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58 | excessive alcohol use in New Mexico are not limited to death, but also include domestic violence, crime, |
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59 | poverty, and unemployment, as well as chronic liver disease, motor vehicle crash and other injuries, mental |
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60 | illness, and a variety of other medical problems. In 2006, the economic cost of alcohol abuse in New Mexico |
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61 | was more than $2.5 billion, or $1,250 per person. Death rates from alcohol-related causes increase with age. |
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62 | </p> |
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63 | |
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64 | <p> |
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65 | New Mexico has the highest drug-induced death rate in the nation, |
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66 | and the consequences of drug use continue to burden New Mexico |
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67 | <a href="#ref1.2" id="ref1.link" aria-describedby="footnote-label">communities.</a> |
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68 | </p> |
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69 | |
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70 | <footer class="Footnotes"><ol> |
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71 | <li id="ref1.2"> |
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72 | <a href="#href1">See footnote 1.</a> |
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73 | <a href="#ref1.2.link" aria-label="Back to content">«</a></li> |
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74 | </ol></footer> |
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75 | </section> |
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76 | |
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77 | <section class="Container"> |
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78 | <h2>Who Is at Risk</h2> |
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79 | <p> |
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80 | Male rates of alcohol-related death are substantially higher than female rates. American Indians have higher |
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81 | alcohol-related death rates than other race/ethnicities. McKinley and Rio Arriba counties have extremely high |
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82 | alcohol-related death rates, driven by high rates in the American Indian and Hispanic male populations, |
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83 | respectively. The counties with the most deaths for the five-year period 2005-2009 are Bernalillo, San Juan, |
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84 | Santa Fe, McKinley, and Doña Ana. New Mexico has extremely high death rates due to both alcohol-related chronic |
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85 | diseases and alcohol-related injuries. |
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86 | </p> |
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87 | |
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88 | <p> |
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89 | Drug-induced death rates are higher for males than for females. The highest drug-induced death rate was among |
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90 | Hispanic males, followed by White males. Rio Arriba County had the highest drug-induced death rate in the state, |
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91 | followed by Eddy, Torrance, Chaves, and Bernalillo counties. Bernalillo County continued to bear the highest burden |
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92 | of drug-induced death in terms of total numbers of deaths. Unintentional drug overdoses account for more than 80% |
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93 | of drug-induced deaths. The most common drugs causing unintentional overdose death for the period covered in this |
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94 | report were prescription opioids (i.e., methadone, oxycodone, morphine; 49%), heroin (36%), cocaine (31%), |
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95 | tranquilizers/muscle relaxants (29%) and antidepressants (16%). In New Mexico and nationally, overdose death from |
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96 | prescription opioids has become an issue of enormous concern as these potent drugs are widely |
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97 | <a href="#ref1.3" id="ref1.link" aria-describedby="footnote-label">available.</a> |
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98 | </p> |
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99 | |
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100 | <footer class="Footnotes"><ol> |
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101 | <li id="ref1.3"> |
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102 | <a href="#href1">See footnote 1.</a> |
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103 | <a href="#ref1.3.link" aria-label="Back to content">«</a></li> |
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104 | </ol></footer> |
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105 | </section> |
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106 | |
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107 | <section class="Container"> |
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108 | <h2>How To Reduce Risk</h2> |
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109 | <p> |
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110 | There is a large body of evidence on effective strategies to prevent excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related |
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111 | harm. In the past decade, this evidence base has been the subject of numerous systematic expert reviews to assess |
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112 | the quality and consistency of the evidence for particular strategies; and to make recommendations based on this |
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113 | evidence. These expert reviews have recently been summarized by the NMDOH. The following list summarizes the |
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114 | evidence-based prevention strategies that are well-recommended by experts; and that could be more widely or completely |
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115 | implemented in New Mexico to reduce our alcohol-related problems. |
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116 | <a href="https://ibis.doh.nm.gov/view/docs/Evidence/EvidenceBasedExcessiveAlcoholUsePrevention.pdf">Evidence Based |
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117 | Excessive Alcohol Use Prevention Strategies</a>. |
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118 | </p> |
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119 | |
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120 | <p> |
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121 | Primary prevention attempts to stop a problem before it starts. In New Mexico, primary prevention of alcohol-related |
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122 | health problems has focused on regulating access to alcohol and altering the alcohol consumption behavior of high-risk |
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123 | populations. Regulatory efforts have included increasing the price of alcohol (shown to be effective in deterring alcohol |
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124 | use among adolescents), establishing a minimum legal drinking age, regulating the density of liquor outlets, and |
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125 | increasing penalties for buyers and servers of alcohol to minors. DWI-related law enforcement (e.g., sobriety checkpoints), |
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126 | when accompanied by media activity, can also be an important form of primary prevention, increasing the perceived risk |
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127 | of driving after drinking among the general population. |
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128 | </p> |
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129 | |
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130 | <p> |
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131 | Secondary prevention efforts try to detect and treat emergent cases before they cause harm. Screening and brief |
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132 | interventions (SBI) for adults in primary care settings is an evidence-based intervention to address problem |
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133 | drinking before it causes serious harm. Implementing this intervention more broadly in New Mexico primary care |
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134 | settings could help reduce our serious burden of alcohol-related chronic disease and injury. |
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135 | </p> |
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136 | |
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137 | <p> |
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138 | Tertiary prevention involves the treatment of individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorders so they can recover |
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139 | to the highest possible level of health while minimizing the effects of the disease and preventing complications. |
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140 | According to the most recent estimates from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH,http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k7State/NewMexico.htm#Tabs), |
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141 | roughly 130,000 New Mexicans report past-year alcohol dependence or abuse, indicating an acute need for treatment. |
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142 | </p> |
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143 | |
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144 | <p> |
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145 | However, fewer than one in ten people in need of treatment receives it. |
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146 | </p> |
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147 | |
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148 | <p> |
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149 | Nationally, the most common reasons that people who need and seek treatment do not receive it are because: they |
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150 | have no health insurance and cannot afford the cost; they are concerned about the possible negative effect on |
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151 | their job; or they are not ready to stop |
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152 | <a href="#ref2" id="ref2.link" aria-describedby="footnote-label">using.</a> |
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153 | </p> |
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154 | |
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155 | <footer class="Footnotes"><ol> |
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156 | <li id="ref2"> Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National |
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157 | Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. |
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158 | Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014. Downloaded on 6/18/2015 from |
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159 | <a href="http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf"> |
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160 | http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf</a>. |
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161 | <a href="#ref2.link" aria-label="Back to content">«</a></li> |
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162 | </ol></footer> |
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163 | </section> |
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164 | |
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165 | <section class="Container"> |
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166 | <h2>How It's Tracked</h2> |
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167 | Mental Health data can be obtained from both mortality as well as morbidity data sources: |
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168 | <ul class="Indent"> |
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169 | <li>Mortality data provides on 100% alcohol- and drug-induced deaths and drug overdoses.</li> |
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170 | <li> |
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171 | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded the |
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172 | development of the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) |
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173 | methodology that applies attributable fractions to underlying |
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174 | causes of death to arrive at the estimated number of deaths |
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175 | that were |
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176 | <a href="#ref3" id="ref3.link" aria-describedby="footnote-label">alcohol-related.</a> |
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177 | </li> |
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178 | <li> |
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179 | Adult prevalence data come from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance |
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180 | System (BRFSS), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, |
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181 | Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services. |
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182 | </li> |
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183 | <li> |
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184 | Youth prevalence data come from Youth Risk and Resiliency |
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185 | Survey (YRRS), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, |
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186 | Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services. |
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187 | </li> |
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188 | <li>Hospital Discharge Data (HDD) for inpatient and ED visits relating to substance abuse disorders.</li> |
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189 | </ul> |
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190 | |
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191 | <footer class="Footnotes"><ol> |
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192 | <li id="ref3"> Alcohol and Public Health: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI). Downloaded |
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193 | from <a href="http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DACH_ARDI/Default/Default.aspx">http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DACH_ARDI/Default/Default.aspx</a> |
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194 | on Jan 5, 2015. |
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195 | <a href="#ref3.link" aria-label="Back to content">«</a></li> |
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196 | </ol></footer> |
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197 | </section> |
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198 | </div> |
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199 | |
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200 | <nav class="Aside"> |
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201 | <ibis:SelectionsContentBlock id="ipSelections" topicName="SubstanceUse"/> |
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202 | |
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203 | <ibis:SelectionsContentBlock id="querySelections"> |
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204 | <CONTENT> |
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205 | <div class="Selections"> |
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206 | <h4>Substance Use-related Deaths</h4> |
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207 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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208 | <SELECTION> |
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209 | <TITLE>Drug Overdose Deaths</TITLE> |
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210 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/mort/Indicator/Drug.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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211 | </SELECTION> |
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212 | <SELECTION> |
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213 | <TITLE>Alcohol-Related Death</TITLE> |
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214 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/mort/Indicator/Alcohol.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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215 | </SELECTION> |
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216 | <SELECTION> |
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217 | <TITLE>Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis Deaths</TITLE> |
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218 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/mort/Indicator/Liver.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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219 | </SELECTION> |
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220 | </ibis:SelectionsList> |
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221 | |
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222 | <h4>Adult Alcohol Use (BRFSS Survey Data)</h4> |
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223 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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224 | <SELECTION> |
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225 | <TITLE>Any Alcohol Consumption</TITLE> |
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226 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/AlcoholAny/AlcoholAnyCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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227 | </SELECTION> |
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228 | <SELECTION> |
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229 | <TITLE>Chronic Heavy Drinking</TITLE> |
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230 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/AlcoholChrnHvy/AlcoholChrnHvyCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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231 | </SELECTION> |
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232 | <SELECTION> |
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233 | <TITLE>Episodic Heavy (Binge) Drinking</TITLE> |
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234 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/AlcoholBinge/AlcoholBingeCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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235 | </SELECTION> |
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236 | </ibis:SelectionsList> |
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237 | |
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238 | <h4>Adult Tobacco Use (BRFSS Survey Data)</h4> |
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239 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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240 | <SELECTION> |
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241 | <TITLE>Current Cigarette Smoking</TITLE> |
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242 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/SmokeCurrent/SmokeCurrentCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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243 | </SELECTION> |
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244 | <SELECTION> |
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245 | <TITLE>Currently uses smokeless tobacco products</TITLE> |
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246 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/Smokeless/SmokelessCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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247 | </SELECTION> |
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248 | </ibis:SelectionsList> |
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249 | |
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250 | <h4>Youth Alcohol Use (YRRS Survey Data)</h4> |
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251 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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252 | <SELECTION> |
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253 | <TITLE>Current Cigarette Smoking</TITLE> |
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254 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/SmokeCurrent/SmokeCurrentCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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255 | </SELECTION> |
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256 | <SELECTION> |
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257 | <TITLE>Currently uses smokeless tobacco products</TITLE> |
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258 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/brfss/Smokeless/SmokelessCrude11_.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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259 | </SELECTION> |
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260 | </ibis:SelectionsList> |
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261 | |
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262 | <h4>Youth Drug Use (YRRS Survey Data)</h4> |
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263 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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264 | <SELECTION> |
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265 | <TITLE>Current marijuana use</TITLE> |
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266 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugMari30/DrugMari30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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267 | </SELECTION> |
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268 | <SELECTION> |
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269 | <TITLE>First used marijuana before age 13</TITLE> |
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270 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugMari13/DrugMari13.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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271 | </SELECTION> |
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272 | <SELECTION> |
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273 | <TITLE>Current synthetic marijuana use</TITLE> |
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274 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugSynMar30/DrugSynMar30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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275 | </SELECTION> |
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276 | <SELECTION> |
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277 | <TITLE>Current pain killer use to get high</TITLE> |
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278 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugPain30/DrugPain30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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279 | </SELECTION> |
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280 | <SELECTION> |
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281 | <TITLE>Current cocaine use</TITLE> |
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282 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugCoca30/DrugCoca30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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283 | </SELECTION> |
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284 | <SELECTION> |
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285 | <TITLE>Current inhalant use</TITLE> |
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286 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugInh40/DrugInh40.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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287 | </SELECTION> |
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288 | <SELECTION> |
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289 | <TITLE>Current heroin use</TITLE> |
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290 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugHer30/DrugHer30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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291 | </SELECTION> |
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292 | <SELECTION> |
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293 | <TITLE>Current ecstasy use</TITLE> |
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294 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugEcs30/DrugEcs30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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295 | </SELECTION> |
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296 | <SELECTION> |
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297 | <TITLE>Current methamphetamine use</TITLE> |
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298 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugMeth40/DrugMeth40.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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299 | </SELECTION> |
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300 | <SELECTION> |
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301 | <TITLE>Ever used prescription drugs without a doctor's prescription</TITLE> |
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302 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugPresLife/DrugPresLife.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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303 | </SELECTION> |
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304 | <SELECTION> |
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305 | <TITLE>Ever used heroin</TITLE> |
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306 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugHerEvr/DrugHerEvr.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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307 | </SELECTION> |
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308 | <SELECTION> |
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309 | <TITLE>Ever used cocaine</TITLE> |
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310 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugCocaEvr/DrugCocaEvr.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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311 | </SELECTION> |
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312 | <SELECTION> |
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313 | <TITLE>Ever used methamphetamine use</TITLE> |
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314 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugMethLife/DrugMethLife.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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315 | </SELECTION> |
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316 | <SELECTION> |
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317 | <TITLE>Ever used ecstasy</TITLE> |
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318 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugEcsLife/DrugEcsLife.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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319 | </SELECTION> |
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320 | <SELECTION> |
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321 | <TITLE>Ever injected illegal drugs</TITLE> |
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322 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugInjLife/DrugInjLife.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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323 | </SELECTION> |
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324 | <SELECTION> |
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325 | <TITLE>Offered drugs on school property in the past 12 months</TITLE> |
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326 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/DrugDrgScl/DrugDrgScl.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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327 | </SELECTION> |
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328 | </ibis:SelectionsList> |
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329 | |
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330 | <h4>Youth Tobacco Use (YRRS Survey Data)</h4> |
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331 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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332 | <SELECTION> |
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333 | <TITLE>Ever tried cigarette smoking</TITLE> |
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334 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobCigEvr/TobCigEvr.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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335 | </SELECTION> |
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336 | <SELECTION> |
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337 | <TITLE>First smoked cigarettes before age 13</TITLE> |
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338 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobCig13/TobCig13.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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339 | </SELECTION> |
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340 | <SELECTION> |
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341 | <TITLE>Current cigarette smoker</TITLE> |
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342 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobCig30/TobCig30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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343 | </SELECTION> |
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344 | <SELECTION> |
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345 | <TITLE>Frequent cigarette smoker</TITLE> |
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346 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobFrCig/TobFrCig.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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347 | </SELECTION> |
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348 | <SELECTION> |
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349 | <TITLE>Smoked cigarettes on schooll property</TITLE> |
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350 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobCigScl/TobCigScl.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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351 | </SELECTION> |
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352 | <SELECTION> |
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353 | <TITLE>Tried to quit smoking cigarettes in the past 12 months</TITLE> |
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354 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobCigQuit/TobCigQuit.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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355 | </SELECTION> |
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356 | <SELECTION> |
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357 | <TITLE>Current spit tobacco use</TITLE> |
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358 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobChew30/TobChew30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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359 | </SELECTION> |
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360 | <SELECTION> |
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361 | <TITLE>Current cigar use</TITLE> |
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362 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobCigar30/TobCigar30.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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363 | </SELECTION> |
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364 | <SELECTION> |
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365 | <TITLE>Current hookah use</TITLE> |
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366 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobHookah40/TobHookah40.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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367 | </SELECTION> |
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368 | <SELECTION> |
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369 | <TITLE>Current use of at least one of cigarettes, cigars, or spit tobacco</TITLE> |
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370 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobAnyTob3/TobAnyTob3.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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371 | </SELECTION> |
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372 | <SELECTION> |
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373 | <TITLE>Current use of at least one of cigarettes, cigars, hookah or spit tobacco</TITLE> |
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374 | <LOCAL_URL>query/result/yrrs/TobAnyTob4/TobAnyTob4.html</LOCAL_URL> |
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375 | </SELECTION> |
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376 | </ibis:SelectionsList> |
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377 | </div> |
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378 | <button>Show All</button> |
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379 | </CONTENT> |
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380 | </ibis:SelectionsContentBlock> |
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381 | <ibis:SelectionsContentBlock id="linkSelections"> |
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382 | <CONTENT> |
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383 | <div class="Selections"> |
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384 | <h4>Substance Use Programs and Information</h4> |
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385 | <h5>(Leave NM-IBIS)</h5> |
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386 | <ibis:SelectionsList xmlns:ibis="http://www.ibisph.org"> |
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387 | <SELECTION> |
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388 | <TITLE>Injury and Behavioral Epidemiology Bureau</TITLE> |
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389 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ibeb/</URL> |
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390 | </SELECTION> |
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391 | <SELECTION> |
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392 | <TITLE>Substance Use Epidemiology Section Program</TITLE> |
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393 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ibeb/sap/</URL> |
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394 | </SELECTION> |
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395 | <SELECTION> |
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396 | <TITLE>2021 New Mexico Substance Use Epidemiology Profile</TITLE> |
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397 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/data/view/substance/2457/</URL> |
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398 | </SELECTION> |
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399 | <SELECTION> |
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400 | <TITLE>Substance Use Data Dashboard</TITLE> |
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401 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ibeb/sap/dod/</URL> |
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402 | </SELECTION> |
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403 | <SELECTION> |
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404 | <TITLE>Prescription Opioid Safety</TITLE> |
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405 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ibeb/pos/</URL> |
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406 | </SELECTION> |
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407 | <SELECTION> |
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408 | <TITLE>Harm Reduction Program</TITLE> |
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409 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/about/phd/idb/hrp/</URL> |
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410 | </SELECTION> |
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411 | <SELECTION> |
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412 | <TITLE>Mental Health Program</TITLE> |
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413 | <URL>https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ibeb/mhp/</URL> |
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